The use of poison gases—ranging from disabling chemicals like tear gas and mustard gas to lethal agents like phosgene—was a military innovation put into use during WWI that had a major impact on warfare. Although the killing capacity of gas was limited—only 4% of combat deaths were due to gas—the proportion of non-fatal casualties was high, and gas remained one of the soldiers' greatest fears. What were some of the early, crude countermeasures developed to defend against the use of poison gases? Discussfrom Article of the Day http://ift.tt/2tvxYDI
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Best known as "The Great Blondin," Jean François Gravelet was a French tightrope walker and acrobat famous for making multiple crossings of Niagara Falls on a tightrope on several occasions. Balancing 160 feet (48 m) above the water on a 1,100-foot (335-m) tightrope, Blondin dazzled crowds by using a different theatrical variation each time he crossed, performing the feat blindfolded, in a sack, pushing a wheelbarrow, on stilts, carrying a man on his back, and sitting down to do what? 
Phelps is an American swimmer who has won 16 Olympic medals, 14 of them gold. He started swimming as a child and competed in his first Olympics at 15. A year later, he became the youngest male ever to set a world swimming record, doing so in the 200-meter butterfly. In 2008, he set a record for most gold medals won at a single Olympiad—eight—while setting as many swimming records. Which swimmer voiced doubts about Phelps' ability to break the record but was happy to be proven wrong? 
This sports-music-dance-barbecue celebration of 
Spanning cultures, continents, and civilizations, the history of saffron in human cultivation and use reaches back more than 3,000 years. Saffron, a spice derived from the stigmas of saffron crocus plants, has been used as a seasoning, fragrance, dye, and medicine and has remained among the world's costliest substances throughout history. After saffron spread to America in the 18th c, demand grew so much that its price on the Philadelphia commodities exchange matched that of what precious metal? 
Also known as Republic Day, Seychelles Independence Day is a national holiday that commemorates 
Boudiaf was an Algerian political leader and a founder of the National Liberation Front, which directed the Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962) against France. Boudiaf was captured in 1956 and imprisoned. He was freed after Algeria gained independence, but his opposition to the new regime led to a 27-year exile. In 1992, he was invited back to head the government and deal with rising religious influence in politics. Months later, he was assassinated by a bodyguard while doing what? 
Leopardi was an Italian poet and scholar who suffered throughout his life from chronic physical ailments and dashed hopes. Despite these challenges, he was devoted to philosophy and the classics from early childhood and became one of the most formidable linguists and writers of his time. His pessimistic poetry is admired for its brilliance, intensity, and musicality. He is considered among the great Italian poets of the 19th century. What are some of his most famous works? 
What has been called the most important cultural event in Canada and the largest jazz festival in the world, the 
In 1969, gay rights in the US were virtually nonexistent, and discrimination was routine. On June 28, police raided the Stonewall Inn, a popular Mob-run gay bar in New York's Greenwich Village, and began arresting patrons for cross-dressing. A crowd gathered outside, taunting police and throwing debris. The police responded with violence. Protest rallies and more riots followed, marking the awakening of the US gay rights movement. How long after the riots were the first Gay Pride marches held? 
Brooks is an American film director, writer, actor, and producer best known for his wild parodies that mix satire with slapstick. He started out as a television comedy writer but soon turned to film. He won an Oscar for his first feature film, The Producers (1968), a comic masterpiece of bad taste, and followed it with such films as the Western-inspired Blazing Saddles and Young Frankenstein, a parody of the horror genre. Who speaks the only word in his Silent Movie? 
Performed on short courses featuring pavement, wooded trails, grass, steep hills, and obstacles, cyclo-cross is a form of bicycle racing that requires riders to dismount, carry their bikes while maneuvering around obstructions, and remount without losing speed. Some trace the origins of the sport to the early 1900s, when European road racers would race to the next town by cutting through fields, over fences, and taking various other shortcuts. Why did the sport gain popularity in 1910? 
Custom may lead a man into many errors; but it justifies none. 
To furnish the means of acquiring knowledge is . . . the greatest benefit that can be conferred upon mankind. It prolongs life itself and enlarges the sphere of existence. 
Rader was a city employee, married father of two, Boy Scout leader, and an active churchgoer—and a serial killer. From 1974 to 1991, he killed 10 people in and around Wichita, Kansas. In 2004, after years of silence, he resumed taunting police and local media with letters describing the murders. In February 2005, police used information on a floppy disk he had sent them to locate and arrest him. He pled guilty that June. Five days after his arrest, he was fired from his job—for what? 
Born in Greece and educated in Ireland, Hearn immigrated to the US at age 19 and lived in poverty for a time until he found employment as a journalist. He was a colorful but morbidly discontented man, admired for his highly polished tales of the macabre. In 1890, a magazine sent him to Japan, where he married a Japanese woman, took a Japanese name, and became a citizen. His subsequent books offered the West its first thoughtful view of Japanese culture. What partial disability did he have? 
On this day in 1977, 
The Four Heavenly Kings are Buddhist deities tasked with watching over the world's four cardinal directions. As guardians of the world and fighters of evil, they have vowed to shield the Buddha's followers from danger and possess the power to command a legion of supernatural creatures to protect the Dharma, the Buddha's teachings. Thrice monthly, the kings send messengers or go themselves to see how virtue and morality are faring in the world of men. To whom do they report their findings? 
My father taught in the wise way which unfolds what lies in the child's nature, as a flower blooms, rather than crammed it, like a Strasbourg goose, with more than it could digest. 
Doubleday was a US Army officer who distinguished himself in the American Civil War. He fired the first shot in defense of Fort Sumter and saw action at Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Gettysburg. He also served in the Mexican and Seminole Wars. He retired from the army in 1873 and wrote many articles, including two accounts of his war experiences, drawing on his 67 volumes of diaries. For years, accounts persisted that he invented the game of baseball in Cooperstown, New York, in 1839. Did he? 
Often simply called Pilates, the Pilates Method is a physical fitness system developed in the early 20th century by Joseph Pilates, who believed that mental and physical health are essential to one another. Pilates developed the method during WWI to help hospitalized veterans condition their bodies by strengthening, stretching, and stabilizing key muscles. The program focuses on the core postural muscles, spinal alignment, and breathing technique. What did Pilates originally call his method? 
Published by the The New Yorker the same month it was written, Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery" instantly became one of the most controversial stories ever run by the esteemed magazine. Hundreds of outraged readers cancelled their subscriptions or wrote letters expressing their confusion and anger over the story's meaning. Now considered a classic, the chilling story matter-of-factly describes an annual lottery in a bucolic American town in which one person is selected for what? 
This national holiday commemorates 
Following WWI, Slovenia formed a federation with Serbia and Croatia that in 1929 became Yugoslavia. In 1991, Slovenia declared its independence from Yugoslavia on the same day as Croatia—after elections in 1990 showed that 88 percent of the people wished to secede. Yugoslavia immediately took military action, but the resulting Ten-Day War had few casualties, and the Slovenian victory solidified the new nation's independence. In 2008, Slovenia became the first post-communist country to do what? 
This full-throttle event is held on the 
Freeganism is an anti-consumerism lifestyle that grew out of the anti-globalization and environmentalist movements. Freegans, whose name is a combination of the words "free" and "vegan," embrace alternative strategies for living that oppose those of a society they believe is marked by materialism, greed, and waste. They often salvage unspoiled food discarded by supermarkets to limit their participation in the capitalist system. Some freegans consume non-vegan food as long as it is what? 
Henri was an American painter and teacher and a leading figure in the Ashcan school, a realist movement in American art best known for its scenes of ordinary city life. He studied in Paris and taught and worked in Philadelphia and New York. He rebelled against academic art and impressionism and encouraged his students to shun the formalization of style and view art as a medium through which to express life and humanity. What exhibition did he organize in New York in 1908 that became a sensation? 
Automatic number plate recognition, or ANPR, is a mass surveillance method that utilizes optical character recognition to "read" vehicle license plates in images taken by designated cameras. Used by law enforcement and for electronic toll collection, ANPR systems can store images, license plate text, and, sometimes, photographs of drivers, leading to public concerns about government tracking and misidentification. Modern ANPR systems are capable of scanning plates on cars traveling how fast? 
A month and a half after Nazi Germany surrendered to the USSR, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin ordered a celebratory parade through Moscow's Red Square. Thousands of troops from different regiments and fronts participated, accompanied by tanks and other military equipment. At one point, war veterans memorably threw down hundreds of Nazi banners at the foot of Lenin's mausoleum. According to legend, Stalin had initially planned to participate in the parade but changed his mind after what accident? 
Saint John of the Cross was a Spanish mystic, poet, and monastic reformer. A Carmelite monk, he was ordained a priest in 1567. The following year, he joined St. Teresa of Ávila in her effort to restore the Carmelites to their original austerity, cofounding the Discalced Carmelite order. He opened the first Discalced Carmelite monastery in 1569 and was imprisoned in 1577 for causing friction within the order. He escaped and later won high office in the order. What did he write while in prison? 
Juhannus is a celebration in 
The knight's bones are dust,
The SAT is a standardized test used in college admissions in the US. Developed by Carl Brigham, a Princeton psychologist who worked on the US Army's IQ test, the first Scholastic Aptitude Test was administered in 1926 to over 8,000 test-takers—60% of whom were male. Criticized as being biased toward whites, males, and the middle class, the exam has been modified over the years to improve fairness. Still, its value as a predictor of success in college is debated. What does "SAT" stand for today? 
In paleontology, an Elvis taxon is an organism or group of organisms that has been misidentified as having re-emerged in the fossil record after a period of presumed extinction. Elvis taxa are not actually descendants of the original taxon, rather, they have simply developed a similar morphology through convergent evolution. Coined in 1993, the term is a reference to the many sightings of Elvis Presley after his death, as well as to his many impersonators. What is one example of an Elvis taxon? 
Turing was a groundbreaking English mathematician and logician who worked on artificial intelligence (AI), among other things. He created the Turing test to determine whether a computer is capable of humanlike thought. His papers on the subject are widely acknowledged as the foundation of research in AI. He also did valuable work in cryptography during WWII, helping to break the German Enigma code. In the midst of his pioneering work, Turing committed suicide after being convicted of what crime? 
June 23, the eve of the Feast of 
Manufactured by Kodak from 1935 to 2009, Kodachrome was the first commercially successful color film and was used to capture some of the most iconic images of the late 20th century. The film was known for its stability—if stored properly, it could be developed decades after being exposed and would retain its color and density for decades. Yet, advances in digital photography and the development of competing films considerably reduced demand. What famous images were recorded on Kodachrome? 
The most popular folk festival in 
Designed by Mikhail Kalashnikov in 1947, the AK-47 is an assault rifle that was used in most Eastern bloc countries during the Cold War. Due to its durability and ease of use, it remains the most widely used assault rifle in the world. Although only one factory holds the patent, nearly one million AK-47s are manufactured illegally each year, and many are smuggled and sold to governments, rebels, criminals, and civilians. An AK-47 appears on what country's flag and coat of arms? 
Raised in Indiana by a widowed father, Dillinger served a prison term for attempted robbery, then organized a gang and terrorized the Midwest in 1933. He became one of the most notorious criminals in the US. The infamous bank robber escaped jail twice, was involved in 16 killings, and was declared "public enemy number one" before being killed on a Chicago street by FBI agents at the age of 31. He was so well-known that at the scene of his death, bystanders collected what macabre souvenirs? 
McCarthy began her storied writing career as a drama critic for the Partisan Review in the 1930s, gaining a reputation for wit, intellect, and acerbity—qualities that are evident in her later works of satirical fiction as well as in her personal life. She engaged other authors in public feuds and repeatedly took contentious literary and political stands. Author Lillian Hellman filed a multimillion-dollar libel suit against McCarthy after she made what comment about Hellman's writing? 
With the exception of the attack on Pearl Harbor, the US was able to largely avoid fighting WWII on home soil, mainly because of its relative geographical isolation. However, Japan attacked the West Coast of the US several times. In 1942, a Japanese submarine fired at Fort Stevens in Oregon in the first and only attack on a mainland US military installation during the war. The shells damaged phone cables and a baseball backstop, but the fort's gunners were ordered not to return fire. Why?